Accurate detection and systematic assessment centered on atomic spectrometry techniques serve as an essential foundation for elucidating the pollution characteristics, ecological risks, and health hazards of heavy metals (HMs) farmland soils around mining areas. In this study, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was employed as the core analytical technique to precisely quantify ten HMs in farmland soils approximately 20 km from a tungsten (W) beryllium mining area. Based on the measured ICP-OES data, GIS visualization was integrated with the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), pollution load index (PLI), potential ecological risk index (PERI), human health risk assessment (HHRA), and positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment model to systematically evaluate the pollution characteristics, risk levels, and source contributions of HMs in the farmland. Meanwhile, the stress effects of W on Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. (T. mongolicum) were investigated through a pot experiment under W stress. The comprehensive pollution assessment revealed that the Igeo values of Cd, W, and As reached 3.88, 3.76, and 3.51, respectively, all indicating heavy contamination, and the PLI values corresponded to heavy to extremely heavy pollution levels. PMF identified five pollution sources. HHRA indicated that all population groups faced both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, with children exhibiting the most pronounced risks and direct ingestion serving as the primary carcinogenic exposure pathway. The pot experiment demonstrated that, under W stress, HMs accumulation capacity followed the order: roots > leaves, whereas the content of active components exhibited no significant change. This study validates the effectiveness and reliability of ICP-OES in the precise quantification of soil HMs and environmental risk assessment, providing a reliable data foundation and methodological support for the comprehensive assessment, prevention, and control of HM pollution in farmland soils.